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A (FH; plural ''Fachhochschulen'') or University of Applied Sciences (UAS) is a German tertiary education institution, specializing in topical areas (e.g. engineering, technology or business). ''Fachhochschulen'' were first founded in Germany, and were later adopted in Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland and Greece (where they are called TEI-Technological Educational Institutes). An increasing number of ''Fachhochschulen'' are abbreviated as Hochschule, the generic term in Germany for institutions awarding academic degrees in higher education, or expanded as Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften (HAW). Due to the Bologna process, ''Universitäten'' and ''Fachhochschulen'' award legally equivalent academic bachelor's and master's degrees.〔Secretariat of the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany, 10/10/2003, version of 22/09/2005〕 ''Fachhochschulen'' do not award doctoral degrees themselves. This, and the rule to call professors with a professional career of at least three years outside the university system, remain the two major ways in which they differ from traditional universities. Universities of Applied Sciences are primarily designed with a focus on teaching professional skills. Swiss law calls ''Fachhochschulen'' and ''Universitäten'' "separate but equal".〔 UAS are able to issue both bachelor's and master's degrees. In Switzerland, they may run doctoral programs when the degree itself is awarded by a partner institution, just as some German ''Fachhochschulen'' also co-run doctoral programs with degrees awarded by a partner university.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Molecular imaging methods for the analysis of gene and protein expression )〕 ==Germany== The ''Fachhochschule'' or ''University of Applied Sciences and Arts'' is a type of German institution of higher education that emerged from the traditional Engineering Schools and similar professional schools of other disciplines. It differs from the traditional university (''Universität'') mainly through its more practical orientation. Subjects taught at ''Fachhochschulen'' include engineering, computer science, business and management, arts and design, communication studies, social service, and other professional fields. The traditional degree awarded at a ''Fachhochschule'' was the ''Diplom (FH)''. Actual coursework generally totals eight semesters (four years) of full-time study with various options for specialization. In addition, there were one or two practical training semesters to provide hands-on experience in real working environments. The program concluded usually after five years with the final examination and a thesis (''Diplomarbeit'') which usually is an extensive project of a current practical or scientific aspect of the profession. In an effort to make educational degrees more compatible within Europe, the German Diplom degrees were mostly phased out by 2010 and were replaced by the European bachelor's and master's degree. The ''Fachhochschule'' represents a close relationship between higher education and the employment system. Their practical orientation makes them very attractive for employers.〔Studienberatung USA in der Fachhochschule Hannover, an Education USA Student Advising Center for Lower Saxony, affiliated with the U.S. Department of State, Washington, 2006. Adapted from: G. B. Porter, Federal Republic of Germany: a Study of the Educational System of the FRG and a Guide to the Academic Placement of Students in Educational Institutions of the United States. (American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, 1986)〕 Today the ''Fachhochschulen'' also conduct research. The research projects are either publicly funded or sponsored by industry. Nevertheless, in Germany the right to confer doctoral degrees is still reserved to the ''Universitäten''. Some ''Fachhochschulen'' run doctoral programs where the degree itself is awarded by a partner university (similar to the doctoral programs in German research institutes, such as the Fraunhofer Society or the Max Planck Society). There are a few universities, such as the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt and the Bundeswehr University Munich, which run ''Fachhochschule'' courses in addition to their normal courses. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fachhochschule」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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